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1
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2
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- Basic need of the patient to see the best
- Basic talent of the surgeon to show him the best
- Rest I leave to you, I think this is a must
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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- When light travels from one medium to another, all of the following
change except:
- Velocity
- Frequency
- Wavelength
- Amplitude
- The answer is (2). The colour is determined by the frequency of ligh=
t.
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9
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10
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- The component of visual acuity that has maximum sensitivity to a giv=
en
contrast is:
- Minimum visible
- Minimum resolvable
- Recognition
- Vernier acuity
- The answer is (4). It ia also called hyperacuity.
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11
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12
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13
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- Has the disadvantage of it measuring the recognition acuity, hence t=
he
alternative of Landolt’s broken C test is used.
- Has the disadvantage of having acuities in a non logarithmic manner,
hence the alternative of ETDRS chart is used.
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14
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15
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- Diffraction
- Spherical aberration
- Chromatic aberration
- Decentering
- Oblique aberration
- Coma
- Curvature of field
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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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- The cutting of peripheral rays by the Iris
- The higher refractive index of the lens nucleus than the peripheral
cortex
- Reduced sensitivity of the peripheral retina
- Stiles Crawford effect – greater sensitivity of retinal
photoreceptors to perpendicular rays rather than oblique rays
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23
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24
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- The only optical aberration that is worsened by making the pupil
pinpoint is:
- Diffraction
- Spherical aberration
- Chromatic aberration
- Oblique aberration
- The answer is (1).
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25
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- Monoocular :
- Myopia
- Hypermetropia
- Astigmatism
- Binocular :
- Anisometropia
- Anisokeinia
- Anitometropia
- Anisophoria
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26
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27
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28
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- Latent – basal ciliary tone or that which is noted after
cycloplegic refraction with atropine.
- Manifest – that which is noted after cycloplegic refraction wi=
th
tropicamide.
- Facultative – the part of manifest hypermetropia which can be
compensated by ciliary contraction or accomodation
- Absolute – the part of manifest hypermetropia which is over and
above the accomodative power.
- Thus Total =3D
Latent + Manifest =3D Latent +(absolu=
te +
facultative)
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29
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30
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31
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- Asthenopic symptoms appear if the difference in retinal image shape =
or
size is more than 0.75%.
- It may be symmetrical (overall and meridonal) or asymmetrical (regul=
ar,
pincushion or barrel, irregular).
- Symptoms of confusion or diplopia causing loss of binocular vision s=
et
in if the difference in retinal size is more than 5%
- An aniseikonia of 2% is produced per dioptre of anisometropia, hence=
2.5
D cause 5% aniseikonia, beyond which anisometropia cannot be tolerat=
ed.
- Aniseikonia may be anisometropic, retinal or cortical
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32
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33
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- Binocular vision is present till 3D of anisometropia, beyond which d=
ue
to aniseikonia and blurred acuity, diplopia, confusion, and supressi=
on
set in
- A spectacle correction of anisometropia may get rid of the 3D of blu=
rred
vision, but causes significant aniseikonia, hence a spectacle differ=
ence
of >4 D is not tolerated, unless used by Knapp’s Rule, or
replaced by contact lenses, where Galilean telescopic magnification =
is
minimised.
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34
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35
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- Subjective Refraction
- Objective Refraction
- Both subjective and objective refraction can be:
- Static or Dynamic
- Dry or wet
- Cycloplegic or non cycloplegic (fogging)
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36
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- Retinoscopy or Skiascopy or Shadow test
- Autorefractometer
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37
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- Plane mirror
- Plane mirror with minimal concavity – meant for patients with
small pupils
- Concavity – meant for patients with small pupils
- Streak retinoscopy
- The speed, brilliance and thickness of the reflex increases as one
approaches the focal point
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38
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39
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- While finding out the cylinder Axis:
- Break – retinal reflex not continuous with the streak or inter=
cept
- Width – closer the reflex to the axis, narrower the width
- Intensity – closer the reflex to the axis, brighter the reflex=
- Skew – streak and reflex move in the same direction when axis =
is
approached
- Straddling – checking the width in 2 directions at 45 degrees =
to
the axis
- Aberrations of the Reflex:
- Scissors reflex
- Irregular reflex
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40
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41
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42
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- Astigmatic Dial Technique
- Jackson’s Cross cylinder technique
- Trial and Error by Fogging
- Duochrome Test
- Binocular balance Test By Fogging
- Prism Dissociation Test
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43
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44
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45
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46
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47
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- The higher the age, the lesser will be the amplitude of accomodation,
greater will be the correction required, greater will be the need fe=
lt
for intermediate distance correction
- Always while giving correction, half the amplitude of accomodation
should be kept in reserve.
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48
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- The closer one brings the concave lenses to the eye, their diverging
power increases, hence undercorrected myopes see better on bringing =
the
spectacles closer to the eye.
- The further one takes the convex lenses away from the eye, their
converging power increases, hence undercorrected hypermetropes see
better on taking the spectacles away from the eye.
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49
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- Visual acuity is ascertained – uniocularly, unaided, under
previous spectacle, under pinhole
- Cover Test – to elicit heterophoria which may account for a mo=
rbid
defect of vision in the deviating eye
- Pupil reflex – for RAPD
- Trial Frames put on – central, adjusted
- Dilated Retinoscopy
- Subjective verification – Snellen test types, astigmatic dial,
Jackson’s cross cylinder
- With full correction, checking of muscle balance for distant vision<=
/li>
- With full correction, determination of near point of accomodation and
convergence
- Addition of correction for near work
- With full correction for near, checking of muscle balance for near=
li>
- Binocular balance for distance and near with stereopsis
- Ophthalmoscopy
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50
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